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Table of Contents:
Links with an "*" next to them are in construction and may only have some information.
1. Measuring, testing, & generation devices of physical quantities categorized by physical
quantities where for each quantity there is listed the units, mathematical representations
& equations, measuring devices, & generating devices
Fundamental Quantities: Measuring Systems
3Dimensional
Definitions (Particles, Motion, Etc.)
Quantities (Time, Space, Matter)
4Dimensional
4D Meters & 4D Walsh Analysis
Derived Mechanical Quantities:
Volume, Forces & Types of Forces (Gravity, Electromagnetic, Nuclear, Motion, Friction )
Work, Power , Energy (Heat, Temperature) , Matter
Radiation (Definitions of Radiation,
Measuring and Testing Devices Classed by Types of Radiation
Particles, Waves /Fields,
Measuring and Testing Devices in General
Generation Devices in General
Devices for specific electromagnetic radiations
* Radar,* Radio-Frequency,* Sound,* Laser,
* Mechanical Oscillations, electromagnetic
Mind control & electronic harassment energies and radiations
Nuclear or Radioactive Radiation
Measuring Devices In General:
Transducers
2. Models of physical quantities in the real world
Radiation fields
Physical Models:
3. For other physical properties and equations:
Physics
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Measuring, testing, & generation devices of physical quantities categorized by physical quantities where for each quantity there is
listed the units, mathematical representations & equations, measuring devices, & generating devices
Physical properties and quantities:
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Fundamental quantities:
Measuring Systems
Force Mass Acceleration
Mks newton(nt) kilogram (kg) meter/sec^2
Cgs dyne gram (gm) cm/sec^2
Engineering pound (lb) slug ft/sec^2
British pound (lb) slug ft/sec^2
Physical Models
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3 Dimensional
Definitions & Equations:
A Particle - A body (mathematical point)which may rotate or vibrate while it is moving as
a whole in some trajectory.
Translational motion - motions of particles for which there are no rotations or vibrations
Displacement - a change of position of a particle
Kinematics - a description of motion
Dynamics - relate motion and the forces associated with it to the properties of a moving object
Quantities:
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Space S(Length, Width, Height)
Scalar (Length)(Meter/Centimeter)
Displacement Vector r or x (Length & Direction)
Angular displacement theta
Measuring and testing devices:
Ruler, Laser Interferometry, displacement - differential transformer
mutual inductance, straing guage, photoelectric transducer, variable capacitance,
variable inductance, variable resistance, photoelectric, potentiometric, Transducers
Generation Devices:
Human Mind
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Time t (Scalar)(Second)
Measuring and testing devices:
Clock, Atomic Clock, Human Mind, Computer
Generation Devices:
Clock, Human Mind
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Mass M (Kilograms/gram)
Measuring and testing devices:
Scale, Cyclotron, Accelerometer, Transducers
Generation Devices:
Matter-Energy Converter
Note: Force, length, & time are fundamental in British System, mass m =F/a, the standard
unit of force is the pound = pull of the earth on a certain standard body at a
certain place on the earth
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4 Dimensional
Definitions & Equations:
Dimensions 1, 2, & 3 : Space (Length, Width, Height)
Dimension 4 : Time, Curved Geometrical Relations, Relations of Geometrical Objects
L = mr^2 = Total System Angular Momentum (Object & Satellites)
Dimension 5 : Gravity, Anti Gravity, Dark Matter, Human Mind
4th dimensional mind control energies
Measuring and testing devices:
Estimated calculations from geometric relations of objects
Computational Models, Transducers
4D Meters & 4D Walsh Analysis
Generation Devices:
Human Mind
4D Meters & 4D Walsh Analysis
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Derived mechanical quantities:
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Volume (V)
Definitions & Equations:
(Length, Width, Height) Meter^3
Measuring and testing devices:
Ruler, Laser Interferometry, Transducers
Generation Devices:
Human Mind
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Force(F):
Definitions & Equations:
(Vector ) F=ma, Torque = Ialpha, (Newton(m/sec^2/Dyne(cm/sec^2), Britt, pound-force
Dynamic Force(Unit Force ) = Unit acceleration applied to unit mass)
Measured by the acceleration imparted to a standard body by pulling on it with a standard spring
Static Force
Measuring the change in shape or size of body on which the force is applied when the body is
unaccelerated. i.e. spring balance
Constant/variable in magnitude and direction
Rotational constant in magnitude but variable in direction
Transient Collisions mangnitude variable, direction constant
Measuring and Testing Devices of Forces in General:
Scales, & Meters, Transducers
Generation Devices of Forces in General:
Natural Forces, Machines, Human Muscles, Human Mind
Types of Forces:
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Gravity (G):
Definitions & Equations:
Weight(W): (Pound) W=mg
Scale
Mass (M) (Kilogram)Acceleration due to gravity 32.1740 ft/sec^2/ 9.8066 meters/sec^2
1 lb = (0.45359237 kg)(32.1740 ft/sec^2)=4.45nt.
m= m0/SQRT(1-v^2/c^2), m0= rest mass when particle is a rest w.r.t observer
m = mass of particle as it moves with a speed v relative to the observer
c = speed of light = 3 X 10 ^8 meters/sec
British System:
Measuring and testing devices:
Scale, Transducers
Generation Devices:
Rotating Cylinders, Superconductivity, Massive & Dense Objects (Stars)
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Electromagnetic (EM) :
Definitions & Equations:
Measuring and testing devices:
Transducers
Charges
Fields
Electro
Magnetic
Static-Bipolar
Dielectrics
Current
Resistance
Volts
magnetic:
magnetometer
Generation Devices:
Charges
Fields
Electro
Galvonometer
Magnetic
Static-Bipolar
Dielectrics
Current
Resistance
Volts
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Nuclear:
Definitions & Equations:
`
Subnuclear
Measuring and testing devices:
Transducers
Generation Devices:
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Motion:
Definitions & Equations:
Linear
Acceleration (Meter/second^2)(ft/sec^2)
Average a = change in velocity(vector)v/change in time(scalar)t
Instantaneous a = dv/dt
Constant, Variable
Velocity (Meter/second)(ft/sec)
Average v = change in displacement(vector)r/change in time(scalar)t
Instantaneous v = dr/dt
Speed |v|
Linear motion
Angular motion Circular/Rotational/Centripetal
angular displacement theta
angular velocity omega w =dtheta/dt
angular acceleration alpha = dw/dt
torque t= r X F = dI/dt=I alpha
t ext = dL/dt
I = r x p = Rotational Inertia
L Angular momentum of system of particles = Sum I=I w
Work = integral t dtheta
Kinetic Energy = 1/2Iw^2
Power = P =tw
Measuring and testing devices:
Accelerometer, Laser interferometry, force gauge (spring)-acceleration,
velocity- voltage induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field, magnet moving past coil.
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Motor, Engine
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Friction
Definitions & Equations:
Static
Kinetic
Measuring and testing devices:
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Rubbing of two materials together
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Work(W) done by a constant force
Definitions & Equations:
(Scalar) joule(newton/meter), erg =(dyne/centimeter), Britt(foot/pound)
1 joule =10^7 ergs =0.7376 ft-lb, electron volt eV = 1.602 x 10^-19 joule
W= integral F dx
W=fd, the product of the magnitude f and the distance d through which the particle moves
W=(F cos theta)d, the product of the component of force along the line of motion by the distance d
the body moves along that line
When theta = 0 , W=FD
When theta =90, W=0, A centripetal force acting on a body in motion does no work
Vertical force holding a body a fixed distance off the ground does no work
A force does no work on a body that does not move
The total work done on a particle is the sum of the works done by the separate forces
Work-energy theorem - Work done on a particle by the resultant force is always equal to the change in the
kinetic energy of the particle
W(of the resultant force) = K-K0=Change in K
When the speed of the particle is constant, there is no change in the kinetic energy and the work done
by the resultant force is zero.
W= integral(x0 to x) F dx.
Kilowatt-hour= power x time , One kilowatt hour is the work done in 1 hr by an agent working at a constant rate of 1 kw.
Measuring and testing devices:
Meters, Calculations, Transducers
Generation Devices:
Engines, Energy, Though, Muscles
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Power
Definitions and Equations
the rate at which work is done joule/sec=1 watt, l ft-lb/sec
Average Power = W/t
Instantaneous Power- dW/dt
P = Fv
Linear momentum P =Mv
Measuring and testing devices:
Meters, Calculations, Transducers
Generation Devices:
Engines, Energy, Though, Muscles
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Energy
Definitions & Equations:
W= change in K, W1+W2..WN = change in K.
Energy of configuration or potential energy U or stored energy
Change in K (kinetic energy) + change in U (potential energy) =0/Constant
W= change in K = - change in U
1/2mv^2+U(x,y,z) = E
1/2 mv^2 +mgy = E
In relativity theory, Kinetic energy K = (m-m0)c^2 or E=mc^2
K+U+Uinternal +...=(m-m0))c^2=Total Energy
Forms & Sources of Energy
Mechanical
Mechanical Energy=Potential Energy+Kinetic Energy
K=1/2mv^2
Heat
Thermo, Temperature
Light/Sun/Plasma
Electromagnetic
Chemical
Laser
Fission
Fusion
Cold
Warm
Dark Matter ?
Measuring and testing devices:
Meters, thermocouple, resistance thermometer, thermistor (heat)
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Chemical, Nuclear, Compounds(Coal, Gas), Sun, Motion, Electromagnetic, Mechanical
Fusion, Fission
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Matter
Definitions and Equations:
States of Matter (Solids, Liquids, Gases, Ions & Plasmas, Radiation & Ether)
Measuring and testing devices:
Scales, Microscopes, Laser Interferometry, Telescopes
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Matter-energy conversion devices
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Radiation
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Definitions & Equations of Radiation:
Definition of Radiation
Some agent creates the source and will of energy which then may be represented by the transmition of energy
through a medium from one point to another by a wave/particle vibtations/radiations. The human mind creates
the will to make sound, electrical signals cause the motions of the muscles to create vibrations in the
medium of the atmosphere which is called sound. The sun creates the will to make nuclear reactions to make
radiation waves which travel through the medium of space. Energy radiation waves may be percieved or sensed
in many forms of energy (heat, electrical, mangetic, nuclear, ..). The radiant energy taveling through
a medium may be represented by particle/wave forms. A wave form may be represented
by three axis perpendilcer to each other(x,y,z) where on axis x represents a magnetic wave, another axis
represents a electrical wave, and the other axis z represents a light wave. With each axis taveling a the
speed of light. These three axis may creat a vortex, a sinusodal wave, or other wave forms (sawtooth, digital,
trapezoiod, square, trianguler and other geometrical forms).
Each sinusodal wave may be expressed by an equation for oscillation which has a phase, an amplitude,
and angular frequency. A particle is a polarity of energy waves and waves are composed of smaller
particles or polarities of energy waves). Each paritlce may relate to another particle in bipolar relationship (+ or -).
Each particle may vibrate internally, rotate in any x,y,z axis direction from 0 to 360 degrees of cirlce. Each partilce
may travel translationally in any direction. Cominations of particles and waves make up a matrix flux field where lines
represent the density of the flux. The relations between the entities (particles/waves/fields) in a
matrix or flux pattern may be represented in all the possibilites of the dimensinal geometries (1,2,3,4 ..Dimensions)
Mediums of Radiation
The may be postulated different types of mediums of energy trasmission. The perfect medium based on principles of geometry,
logic, and religion may be represented by the Aether (A perfect fictionless medium at a higher plane of existence). Another medium
is the medium of matter which is composed of moleclules. Matter has consitutive energy and vibratory energy which it can recieve from
or radiate away into the aether. Within the medium of matter there is postulated the pressure exerted by radition called friction.
Light (Vibrations of Aether)
Radiation (Matter in continual exchange of vibratory energy with the Aether)
Other Aspects of Radiation
` Periodic/harmonic motion = a motion that repeats itself in an interval of time
Displacement of a particle in a periodic motion (harmonic sine/cosine expression)
Oscillatory/Vibratory = a particle in periodic motion that moves back and forth over the same path
air molecules as sound waves passes by, violin string, molecules in a solid lattice
Damped harmonic motions - oscillatory motions that do not move back and forth due to precisely fixed
limits because fractional forces dissipate the energy of motion
Undamped harmonic motions - add energy to cancel out damping affect
oscillating circuit
Mechanical oscillating systems
Natural oscillating systems
Radiowaves, microwaves, and visible light are oscillating magnetic and electric field vectors
Mechanical and electromagnetic oscillations are described by the same basic mathematical equations
Period T of a harmonic motion is the time required to complete on round of motion/oscillation/cycle. (cycle per second sec-1)
Frequency f is the number of oscillations per unit time, v=1/T.
Equilibrium position O - the position at which no net force acts on the oscillating particle
Displacement (linear/angular ) is the distance (linear/angular) of the oscillating particle from its
equilibrium position at any instant
Force = -dU/dx which is derived from the potential energy function
The force is 0 at the equilibrium position O
Force is a restoring force since it acts to accelerate the particle in the direction of the
equilibrium position
Mechanical Energy E of an oscillating particle = K + U in which E remains constant if no conservative forces
such a friction are acting.
Simple Harmonic Oscillator
U(x)=1/2kx^2, F(x) =-dU/dx=-d(1/2kx^2)dx=-kx
F=-kx for an ideal spring where k is the force constant
Equation of motion of a simple harmonic oscillator
d^2x/dt^2 + k/mx=0 or d^2x/dt^2 = -k/m x
d/dt cost t = -sint, d^2/dt^2 cos t = -d/dt sin t = =cos t
x = Acos(wt+d)
Energy Equations in simple harmonic motion
U = 1/2kx^2 = 1/2kA^2cos^2(wt+d)
A= amplitude, d = phase constant are determined by initial position
and speed of the particle, w = angular frequency=2 pie/T or 2pie/w=T, w^2=k/m
K = 1/2mv^2 = 1/2m w^2A^2sin^2(wt+d)
E = K+U =Kmax=Umax=1/2kA^2
K + U =1/2mv^2+1/2kx^2=1/2kA^2
frequency f = dx/dt=+/- SQRT(k/m(A^2-x^2)
Amplitude of simple harmonic motion is the magnitude of maximum displacement
Simple harmonic motion related to uniform circular motion
x= Acos(wt+d)
Combinations of harmonic motions
Two linear harmonic motions may act on a particle at right angles
which results in two independent oscillations. If the frequencies and
vibrations of both are the same then
x= Ax cos(wt+d1), y = Ay cos(wt+d2)
Radiation = emission and propagation of radiant energy
A traveling electromagnetic wave and it source.
Sinusodal oscillating charges are produced by LC circuits. If a
conducting coil is brought near the inductor in the circuit, a current
is induced in the coil. This energy may be carried in a transmission line to
an antenna. The potential difference between the two conductors in an antenna causing
charges to accelerate back and forth alternates sinusodally. The effect is an electric
dipole moment p which varies with time. An electromagnetic wave generated by an oscillating
electric dipole. The revolution is about the dipole axis and the wave
move out in any direction from the dipole with speed c. The field created is the radiation
field. E and B change periodically through time as the radiation wave sweeps through a point p.
The electric field E is perpendicular to the magnetic field B and these fields are perpendicular to
the direction of the wave velocity c. The vector c has the direction of the cross product E X B.
Source, medium(vacuum, atmosphere, ether), frequency, energy, type of propagation, speed of
propagation, orientation of internal components (E, B, c, spin(-e,n, p).
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Measuring and generation devices classed by types of Radiation:
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Particles:
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Cyclotron
Betatron- A device used to accelerate electrons at high speeds. The
accelerated electrons are acted upon by induced electric
fields that are set up by a changing magnetic flux.
Electrons emitted from radioactive nuclei
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Waves/Fields:
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Transducers
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Radiation:
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Measuring and Testing Devices in General:
Testing Equipment & Procedures
Shielding & Jamming
Transducers
Piezeoelectric crystal, photocell transducer, strain gauge,
electrodes, pressure gauge, magnetic microphone, accelerometer,
thermocouple, thermistor, spirometer, infrared analyer, resistance thermometer,
microphone (voice); First-order gradiometers based on high-temperature super-conducting
quantum interference devices (HTS SQUIDs) are convenient sensors for measuring small,
localized magnetic fields in unshielded environments.; embedded single mode optical fiber inteferometer.
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Generation Devices in General:
Natural:
Dipole Molecules
Electrons
Human Body frequencies (atoms,molecules, organs, body)
Earth (Mechanical, electrical, energetic thermal, objects & parts, geometrical)
Sun
Dipole antenna
Microwave energy introduced into a closed metal cavity produces a oscillation
Mechanical:
Sinusodal generator, piezioelectric crystal, tuned circuit
oscillating circuit,antenna, transducer (converts on form of energy to another)
Transducers
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Devices for specific electromagnetic radiations:
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Electromagnetic
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Transducers, magnetometer,
HTS Squid Gradiometers(High Temperature Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device)
(Gradiometric and Magneto Response)
Generation Devices:
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Radar
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Transducers
Generation Devices:
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Radio-Frequency
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Tuned circuit
Crystal
Oscillating circuit
Antenna
Transducers
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Sound
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Stethesocpe, transducer (a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice verca)
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Crystals and piezoelectric effect, Transducers
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Laser
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Transducers
Generation Devices:
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Mechanical Oscillations
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Transducers
Violin String
Tuning Fork
Watch
Spring
Pendulum
Electric circuit
Quartz
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Mind control & electronic harassment energies and radiations
Definitions & Equations:
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Testing Equipment & Procedures
Shielding & Jamming
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Lasers, Directed Energy Beams, Directed High Intensity Radio-Frequency Waves,
Directed Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF), Directed Nonhertzian waves (Energy Vortexes,
Rayleigh Waves, 4th Dimensional Waves Etc.), Magnetic Waves, Magnetic induction creating electric currents,
Other Directed Energies (Dielectrokinetics, static field detection, dielectrophoresis, electrostatics,
electrodynamics, electromagnetics, DC and extremely low frequency AC, and. plasmas).
Transducers
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Nuclear or Radioactive Radiation
Measuring and Testing Devices:
Dosimeter, Gieger-Meuller Counter (A beta radiation particle produces ionization that trigers
a discharge producing a large pulse of electricity that can be heard on
a speaker), Film, Scintilation Screens (A Crystal of Zinc Sulfide) which gives
off a weak flash when struck by alpha radiation, photomultiplier tube which can detect a weak flash
of light and estimate the amount of light, pulse height analyzer, Solid state semiconductor detector,
collimator, rectilinear scanner, axial transverse tomographic unit, deutron-ttitium generator(10^11 neutrons per second output),
electroscope, portable ionizations chamber, pocket ionization chamber, thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD)
Transducers
Generation Devices:
Natural Occuring Radioactive elements (Uranium, Thorium, Proctactinium,
Radium, Radon, Polonium, Lead, Bismuth), betatron,cobalt 60 emits penetrating
gamma rays of about 1.25 MeV, electron linear accelertor,electron beams, proton (800MeV) and
alpha particle beams, pi minus meson beams, neutron beams
Accelerators, Cyclotrons
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Models of physical quantities in the real world
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6 Models of Physics
Classical Physics
Newton
Maxwell (Classified papers which unify
gravity with electromagnetics)
E = L=mr^2 = total system
angular momentum (object plus
all satellites) in 4th Dimension
Modern Physics
Eienstein Theory of Relativity
Quantum 1 & 2
Niels Bohr Orbit, Quantum Wave Functions
Standard Model
David Bohm (Holographic Model of Physics)
which accounts for the wave particle
duality as holographic principle
and explains away the
Heisenburg uncertainty principle .
by connecting an object with its
various states holograhically in
present, past, and future. Holographic
information of an object in the future
and in the past creates the object in the
present. By viewing an object in the
futre and in the past by using a flux
capicitor and radiowaves, one can
eliminate the uncertainty of the position
and mementum of particle.
Models of Matter
Fundemental Particles: 18
Fermons (Actual Consituants of Matter)
Quarks (3 generations or flavors of species)
1st Generation - Quarks of Protons and Neutrons
2nd and 3rd Generations - Short lived particles not found much except
in beginning of universe called charm and strange.
3rd Top and Bottom Quarks
Leptons
1st Generation - Electrons and corresponding Neutrio
2nd and 3rd - muon and muon nutrino
3rd - Tau an Tau Nutrino
Bosians (Which carry the 3 forces that allow Fermions to Interact)
Photon (Paricle of light which carry the electromagnetic force. Photons have no mass.)
Three Bosons W+, W-, Z (Radio Active Decay, Weak Nuclear Force stronger that electromagnetic
but at shorter ranges, these bosons have mass unlike photons)
8 Gluons (Stong Nuclear Force or charge, which holds quarks and atomic nuclei togethor)
Three varieties of gluons called red, green, and blue and each quark comes three
varieties and there are 8 destinguishable gluons. Gluons are massless.
Higgs - No electric or color charge, and affects only the weak force and postulates infinite mass
for the weak force particles which is a flaw in the standard model theory. The other flaws
in the standard model are:
The model fails to account for gravity.
Why 3 generations of fermions with each generation having higher masses
and shorter lifetimes.
Why do the 3 forces operate at different energies and are they manifestations
of the same underlying phenomena.
Standard model works in 4 dimensions three of space and 1 of time.
New competing aspects of a new physics model:
Techniclor force - associated with the strong nuclear force and powerfull at
higher energies not normally available in accelerators. A boson is a complex
of techniquarks which solves some of the flaws in the standard model.
At higher energies quarks, leptons, techniquarks and are all unites into a
single technifermion and at lower energies the symmetry is broken and the
quarks, leptons, and techniquarks break off. The techniforce becomes weaker at
higher energies and can be associated with the 3 stages of forces, electromagnetic,
weak nuclear, and strong nuclear. Smaller yey unaccounted for particles.
Supersymmetry (Mirror images) A process is mathematically symetrical if it
conserves something. Different formces have different symetries.
Electrons radiate photons, and electric charge is conserved.
Symmetries and forces may merge. Electromagnetic and weak nuclear force
unite at higher energies called the electroweak force.
For every fermion there is a supersymetric boson and vise versa. The electron has
a bosonic parter, the selectron. The W's have fermionic twins called Winos.
Other particles include gluinos, sneutrinos,
photinos and squarks.
Supersymmetry can account for gravity, since the equations of supersymmetry match
the equations of Einstein's general theory relativity which accounts for gravity.
A proton- anti-proton collision may produce squarks with a mass around 300 billion electron
volts.
Extradimensions - Theorises at least 5 dimensions instead of 4 as in the standard model. The 5th dimension
can not be seen since it is tighlty curled up. Postulates the gravitational boson the graviton.
Gravity is an integral part of the extra-dimensions. Gravity is the weakest force in the 4th and lower
dimensions, but the strongest force in the 5 th dimension which is its home. One should be able to make
gravitons in particle accelerators.
Tevatron, and Hadron Collider at CERN due to be completed by 2005 will smash protons together at 14 trillion electron volts to
test the above theories. These accelerators create 10 million collisions per second and only 50 collsions per second
be tracked computers which look for interesting collisons such as the sleuth computer.
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Radiation Fields:
All sources of energy, radiation, fields (gravity, electromagnetic,strong nuclear, weak nuclear, static),
The Earth generates a magnetic field in the atmosphere.
The Earth generates resonant frequencies.
The Earth generates a gravity field.
Natural Solar and cosmic radiation which propagates through the atmosphere.
Light
Associated magnetic fields with natural radiation?
Objects generate gravity, radiation, and electromagnetic fields
Human beings generate frequencies and electromagnetic fields.
Electrically polarised matter moving in non uniform fields generates dielectrophoresis
The movement of charged particles in fields generates electrophoresis.
Dynamic and kinetic dielectro, dimagneto, electro, and magneto fields and particles
Static fields (Electro, Magnetic, Dielectro, Dimangetic)
Nuclear particles (Proton, Neutorn, Electron, Positron)
Light Particles (Photon)
Man made artificial electromagnetic fields in the atmosphere.
Man made or artificial radiation propagating in the atmosphere
Sound, Light, Resonant Frequencies or Oscillations
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Transducers
A transducer (Converts one type of energy into another)
Transducers are used to sense light intensity, color, concentrations in liquid or
as, liquid or gas flow, sound intensity, frequency, velocity, acceleration, pressure,
force, and displacement.
Calibration of a transducer: Controlled variation of the amplitude of the
parameter being measured to determine the amplitude of the primary signal. The
parameter being measured must also be varied with time to a frequency at least as
high as that expected in an adequate harmonic analysis of the data. The transducer
must be calibrated in the exact situation in which it is to be used.
Types of Transducers:
Semiconductor pressure transducer, new radiation-sensitive transducers
Potentiometric displacement transducer (longitudinal, rotational)
A wiper moves quickly over a resistor
Resistance displacement transducer
Piezoelectric transducer
Mechanoelectronic transducer
Capacitive and displacement transducer
Differential Transformer Displacement Transducer- electromagnetic
coupling(primary coil, secondary coil, and a movable magnetic core
which affects the other two coils)
Variable-Permeance Displacement Transducer
Light sensing displacement transducer
Photocells
Displacement transducer>force>acceleration(f=ma)>pressure
Accelerometer Force Transducer, Bonded resistance transducer(force)
Unbounded resistance transducer(force) Differential Transformer(force)
Inductance manometers (Coil,lever, Coil)
Differential-Transformer Pressure Transducer
Variable - Permanence Pressure Transducer
Capacitive Pressure Transducer
Optical Pressure Transducer
Photoelectric principle
Resistive Pressure Transducer (Pressure telemetry, ultrasonic(Doppler, time transit),
piezoelectric)
Electrochemical transducers(PH, Oxygen, CO2)
Flow meters - ultrasound (transit time, Doppler back scatter, photoelectric,
thermoelectric, rotameter, screen pneumotach, electromagnetic(flow
between two magnets
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